Macromolecules

Macromolecules are giant molecules that are formed by the joining of smaller molecules. (condensation reaction) Examples of macromolecules are polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids. High concentrations of macromolecules in a solution can alter the rates and equilibrium constants of the reactions of other macromolecules, this effect is known as macromolecular crowding.
First type of macromolecule is the carbohydrate. A carbohydrate includes both sugars and polymers.
They are compounds made up of hydrogen,carbon and oxygen atoms which contains monosaccharides.
Lipids are made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms and are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with a fatty acid.
Proteins contain nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms. They are polymers of amino acids.
Lastly, we have nucleic acids which are assembled from nucleotides. They contain oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorous, nitrogen, and carbon. Store and transport DNA and RNA.

source: http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp03/0302002.html

C3 C4 CAM

First off, C3 plants are called C3 because the CO2 is incorporated into a 3 carbon compound. For the C3 plants, their stomatas are opened during the day. Rubisco is involved in the photosynthesis. Initial fixation of carbon occurs via rubisco, which is the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle, the Calvin cycle enzyme that adds carbon dioxide to ribulose biphosphate. The first organic product of carbon fixation is a three-carbon compound (3-phosphoglycerate). Examples of C3 plants are rice, wheat and soy.C3 plants are more productive when in moist areas compared to C4 or CAM plants. They produce less food when their stomatas are closed which is during hot, dry days. C4 plants preface the Calvin cycle with an alternate mode of carbon fixation which forms a FOUR-carbon compound as its first product. They are important to agriculture and some examples are sugarcane and corn. In C4 plants, there are two distinct types of photosynthetic cells, bundle-sheath and mesophyll cells. C4 photosynthesize faster than C3 plants under high light intensity and temperature because carbon dioxide goes directly to the rubisco. CAM plants' stomatas are opened during the night and usually closed during the day. They use water better than C3 plants because their stomatas are opened during the night. They are usually found in deserts. It prevents carbon dioxide from entering the leaves. the mesophyll cells of CAM plants store organic acids made during the
night.
Reference : http://wc.pima.edu/Bfiero/tucsonecology/plants/plants_photosynthesis.htm and Biology Book.

Biochem Cloud

Matter is what organisms are composed of and elements are substances that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. Isotopes are different atomic forms of the same element. Potential energy is the energy that matter stores because of its position or location and energy is defined as the ability to do work. There are many different bonds in chapter 2. There is a covalent bond which is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms;there are the polar and nonpolar covalent bonds which are when electron are shared equally/unequally. Ionic bonds are when cations and anions attract each other.
Polar molecules are opposite ends of the molecule that have opposite charges. Adhesion is the clinging of one substance to another and cohesion when hydrogen bonds hold the substance together. The specific heat of a substance is defined as the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature. Acids are substances that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. Bases are substances that reduce hyrdogen ion concentration of a solution.Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and different properties. Structural Isomers differ in covalent arrangements of their atoms. Enantiomers are molecules that are mirro images of each other. Functional groups are components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions.Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are some multiple of CH2O. Starch is a storage polysaccharide of plants and a polymer of consisting entirely of glucose monomers. Lipids are one class of large biological molecules that do no include polymers, Fat is constructed from glycerol and fatty acids. Proteins consist of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific conformations and phospholipids are similar to fats, but only have two fatty acid tails rather than 3. All these words are very important to the biochem chapters because they are the foundation of each chapter.