Beneficial Bacterias

There are a few bacteria that are beneficial to our health and that will help us instead of harm us. The first is E.COLI. E. Coli is short for Escherichia coli and it plays a critical function by digesting undigested food. E. Coli is common in the colon, which is a big intestine that is responsible for digestion. E. Coli is crucial when it comes to manufacturing vitamin K and vitamin B12. Not ALL strains of E.coli will be beneficial, some will be very harmful.

The second beneficial bacteria is streptomyces. Streptomyces are referred to as "good bacteria" because they are part of the process that make antibiotics. Bacteria that are part of the streptomyces group are also very helpful when it comes to utilizing anti-fungal agents for autoimmune disorders.

The third beneficial bacteria is rhizobium. Rhizobium is a bacteria that supplies ammonia to plants. Because there isn't a sufficient amount of ammonia in the atmosphere, rhizobium is critical when it comes to providing it. Rhizobium basically utilizes oxygen into nitrogen and then into ammonia. The process is known as nitrogen fixation and is a process that enables plants to grow normally.

Last, is the bacteria Lactobacillis Acidophilus. This bacteria is one of the very best bacteria because it manufactures vitamin K and helps to fight infections. If the amount of acidophilus falls short, the person will most likely become more prone to diseases and infections. Yogurt and milk are a few of the items that contain acidophilus.

source:
google images
http://www.spaer.com/helpful-bacteria-examples/

Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis is basically the process for plants to take energy from the sun and convert it to energy or sugars.Light is actually energy. Light is electromagnetic energy that plants store. Photosynthesis happens in the chloroplast and then chlorophyll captures the light from the sun. Chlorophyll can be found in many organisms and is the thing that kicks off the process of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen get together to form glucose and oxygen for the plants. Photosynthesis is divided into two major parts, the light dependent reaction and the light independent reaction.The first part is the light dependent reaction and happens when light is pushed into ATP. The second part is the light independent reaction and happens when ATP is used to make glucose (this process is also known as the Calvin Cycle, or the Dark Cycle). Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway for the production of ATP (high energy molecule). Cellular respiration is the fastest ways for cells to obtain energy from storage. There are three main stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport. Glycolysis is where glucose is split into two molecules of three carbon sugars. NADH are produced. The second stage is the citric acid cycle which is also known as Krebs Cycle. It begins after the two molecules of the three carbon sugar is produced in glycolysis. Doesn't use oxygen directly if oxygen is not present. NAD and FAD are produced along with the two ATP molecules. The last step is Electron Transport which REQUIRES oxygen. The chain is a series of electron carriers int he membrane of the mitochondria in the eukaryotic cells. ATP is produced.

Source: http://www.biology4kids.com

Macromolecules

Macromolecules are giant molecules that are formed by the joining of smaller molecules. (condensation reaction) Examples of macromolecules are polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids. High concentrations of macromolecules in a solution can alter the rates and equilibrium constants of the reactions of other macromolecules, this effect is known as macromolecular crowding.
First type of macromolecule is the carbohydrate. A carbohydrate includes both sugars and polymers.
They are compounds made up of hydrogen,carbon and oxygen atoms which contains monosaccharides.
Lipids are made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms and are formed when a glycerol molecule combines with a fatty acid.
Proteins contain nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms. They are polymers of amino acids.
Lastly, we have nucleic acids which are assembled from nucleotides. They contain oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorous, nitrogen, and carbon. Store and transport DNA and RNA.

source: http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp03/0302002.html

C3 C4 CAM

First off, C3 plants are called C3 because the CO2 is incorporated into a 3 carbon compound. For the C3 plants, their stomatas are opened during the day. Rubisco is involved in the photosynthesis. Initial fixation of carbon occurs via rubisco, which is the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle, the Calvin cycle enzyme that adds carbon dioxide to ribulose biphosphate. The first organic product of carbon fixation is a three-carbon compound (3-phosphoglycerate). Examples of C3 plants are rice, wheat and soy.C3 plants are more productive when in moist areas compared to C4 or CAM plants. They produce less food when their stomatas are closed which is during hot, dry days. C4 plants preface the Calvin cycle with an alternate mode of carbon fixation which forms a FOUR-carbon compound as its first product. They are important to agriculture and some examples are sugarcane and corn. In C4 plants, there are two distinct types of photosynthetic cells, bundle-sheath and mesophyll cells. C4 photosynthesize faster than C3 plants under high light intensity and temperature because carbon dioxide goes directly to the rubisco. CAM plants' stomatas are opened during the night and usually closed during the day. They use water better than C3 plants because their stomatas are opened during the night. They are usually found in deserts. It prevents carbon dioxide from entering the leaves. the mesophyll cells of CAM plants store organic acids made during the
night.
Reference : http://wc.pima.edu/Bfiero/tucsonecology/plants/plants_photosynthesis.htm and Biology Book.

Biochem Cloud

Matter is what organisms are composed of and elements are substances that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. Isotopes are different atomic forms of the same element. Potential energy is the energy that matter stores because of its position or location and energy is defined as the ability to do work. There are many different bonds in chapter 2. There is a covalent bond which is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms;there are the polar and nonpolar covalent bonds which are when electron are shared equally/unequally. Ionic bonds are when cations and anions attract each other.
Polar molecules are opposite ends of the molecule that have opposite charges. Adhesion is the clinging of one substance to another and cohesion when hydrogen bonds hold the substance together. The specific heat of a substance is defined as the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature. Acids are substances that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. Bases are substances that reduce hyrdogen ion concentration of a solution.Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and different properties. Structural Isomers differ in covalent arrangements of their atoms. Enantiomers are molecules that are mirro images of each other. Functional groups are components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions.Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are some multiple of CH2O. Starch is a storage polysaccharide of plants and a polymer of consisting entirely of glucose monomers. Lipids are one class of large biological molecules that do no include polymers, Fat is constructed from glycerol and fatty acids. Proteins consist of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific conformations and phospholipids are similar to fats, but only have two fatty acid tails rather than 3. All these words are very important to the biochem chapters because they are the foundation of each chapter.

These words are important because they are all major points of chapters 50 to 55. The environment of any organism includes abiotic components which are nonliving chemical and physical factors and biotic components which are living organisms. Biogeography is the study of the past and present distribution of individual species and this is important because it relates to ecology and the biosphere. a population is a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular area which is the community. The different zones and biomes are also very important because they are major types of ecosystems.

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